Joseph Jhon Thompson

THOMSONS PROFILE

Joseph John thomson A.K.A JJ Thomson was born in Cheetham Hill Manchester England. his early education was in small private schools, and demonstrated great talent and interest in science.

in 1870 to  he was admitted Owens college. being only 14 years old at that time, he was unusually young. his parents, planned to enroll him as an apprentice engineer to Sharp-Stewart & co, a locomotive manufacturer, but this plans were cut short when his father died in 1873. 

 

he  moved on to trinity college, Cambridge in 1876. in 1880, he obtained his BA in mathematics(second wrangler and second smiths price.) and MA(with adams prize) in 1883. in 1884 he became cavendish professor of physics. one of his students was Ernest Rutherford, who would later succeed  in the post.

 

one of thomsons greatest contributions to modern science was in his role as a highly gifted teacher, as 7 of his research assistants and his aforementioned son was nobel prize in physics.

he was awarded a nobel prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gasses."

DISCOVERY OF ELECTRONS

until 1897, scientsts believed that atoms were indivisible; the ultumate particles of matter, but thomson proved them wrong when he discovered that atoms contained particles known as electrons. thomson discovered these through his explorations on the properties of catho de rays. thomson found that thee rays could be deflected by an electric field (in addition to magnetic fields which was already known.) he concluded that these rays, rather that being waves, were composed of very light, negatively charged particles which he called corpuscles.

to explain the over all nutral charge of the atom, he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniformed sea of positive charge; this was the plum pudding model where the electrons embeded in the possitive charge like plums in a plum pudding (although in thomsons model they were not stationary.)

a schemic presentation of the plum pudding model of the atom. in Thomson mathematical model the "corpuscles"(or modern electrons) were arranged non-randomly, in rotating rings

OTHER DISCOVERIES

in 1913, as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays, thomson chanelled a stream of ionized neon through a magnetic and an electric field and measured its deflection by placing a photographic plate in its path.

in 1905 Thomson in the19thcentury saw the birth of science as a profession.

in 1906 thomson demonstrated that hydrogen had only a single electron per atom.

SOURCES:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J Thomson

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plum pudding model

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Quantum Mechanical Model

Werner Heisenberg hoped that he could modify quantum physics in such a way that when the parameters were on the scale of everyday objects it would look just like classical physics, but when the parameters were pulled down to the atomic scale the discontinuities seen in things like the widely spaced frequencies of the visible hydrogen bright line spectrum would  come back into sight. He wrote an equation that is the quantum mechanical analogue for the classical computation of intensities. Although Heisenberg did not know it at the time, the general format of his new way of working with quantum theoretical calculations can serve as a recipe for two matrices and how to multiply them. Max Born puzzled over the equations and the non-commuting equations that Heisenberg had found troublesome and disturbing. After several days he realized that these equations amounted to directions for writing out matrices. Paul Dirac decided that the essence of Heisenberg's work lay in every feature that Heisenberg had originally found problematical -- the fact of non-commutativity such as that between multiplication of momentum matrix by a displacement matrix and multiplication of a displacement matrix by a momentum matrix. The insight led Dirac in new and productive directions. 

The most recent model of the atom is known as the Quantum Atomic Model.

It is based on quantum mechanics. When quantum solutions to quantum equations are combined, it is known as quantum numbers. Quantum numbers are used to find probable positions and locate the electron in an atom. There are four types of sub-level. The sub-level within the energy level where the electron is most likely to be found is identified by the azimuthal quantum number. The type of the sub-level will depend on the number of orbitals in a sub-level. The electron-spin number is used when distinguishing between two electrons in a sub-level. The electron-spin number is used when distinguishing between two electrons in an orbital. There are two possible electron-spin quantum numbers and these are ½+ and ½-.  

Quantum mechanics (QM) or quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics that provides a mathematical description of much of the wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter that depart from classical mechanics at the atomic and subatomic scales. In advanced topics of QM, some of these behaviors are macroscopic and emerge at very low or very high energies or temperatures. The name derives from the observation that some physical quantities—such as the angular momentum of, or more generally the action of, for example, an electron bound into an atom or molecule—can be changed only by discrete amounts, or quanta as multiples of the Planck constant, rather than being capable of varying continuously or by any arbitrary amount. An electron bound in an atomic orbital has quantized values of angular momentum while an unbound electron does not exhibit quantized energy levels but the latter is associated with a short quantum mechanical wave length. In the context of QM, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons,electrons and other atomic-scale objects.A body of scientific principles describing the behavior of matterand its interactions on the atomic and subatomic scales are also known as the quantum mechanics. Classical physics was unable to explain certain phenomena just before 1900. Coming to terms with these limitations of classical physics led to the development of quantum mechanics in the early decades of the 20th century. Humans are accustomed to reasoning about the world on a scale where classical physics is an excellent approximation. That is why human minds somehow are having a hard time to understand the principles of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is counterintuitive or it is not in accordance with what would naturally be assumed or expected.Photons or discrete units of light, behave in some ways like particles and in other ways like waves. A discontinuous and color coded sequences are formed by photon energies. The laws of quantum mechanics are the ones who predict the energies, the colors, and the spectral intensities of electromagnetic radiation. The pairs of particles can be created as entangled twins -- which means that an action that pins down one characteristic of one particle will instantaneously pin down the same or other characteristic of its entangled twin, regardless of the distance separating the both of them.

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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier


History

• Born: 26 August 1743; Paris, France 
• Died: 8 May 1794 (aged 50); Paris, France
• He was known as the “father of modern chemistry” He was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry,life,and biology 
•  Born to a wealthy family in Paris, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier inherited a large fortune at the age of five with the passing of his mother.
•  He attended the Collège Mazarin in 1754 to 1761, studying chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics.
•  At the age of 25, he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences, France's most elite scientific society, for an essay on street lighting, and in recognition for his earlier research.
• In 1769, he worked on the first geological map of France.
• He also married a young, beautiful 13-year-old girl named Marie-Anne, who translated from English for him and illustrated his books. 

 Discoveries

•  He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air, and proved that the products weighed more than he original. Nevertheless, the weight gained was lost from the air. Thus he established the Law of Conservation of Mass. 
• In Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides (1778), he demonstrated that the "air" responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity. The next year, he named this portion oxygen (Greek for acid-former), and the other azote (Greek for no life). He also discovered that the inflammable air of Cavendish which he termed hydrogen (Greek for water-former), combined with oxygen to produce a dew, as Priestley had reported, which appeared to be water. 
•  In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique (1783), Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory to be inconsistent. In Methods of Chemical Nomenclature (1787), he invented the system of chemical nomenclature still largely in use today, including names such as sulfuric acid, sulfates, and sulfites. His Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry, 1789) was the first modern chemical textbook, and presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clear statement of the Law of Conservation of Mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston.

PHOTOS

  

Sources:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier
• http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html
• www.google.com

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2-5

ERNEST RUTHERFORDgroup five

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ERNEST RUTHERFORD



Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford

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Niels Bohr

       Niels Bohr became a university lecturer at the University of Copenhagen at 1916. At 1921, he thrived in founding the institute of theoretical physics with the support of the Danish government and the Carlsberg foundation. Then in 1922, He was rewarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his services in the research of the formation of atoms and the radiation emanating from them. His foundation served as a central point for theoretical physicists in the 20’s and 30’s, where the majority of the finest theoretical physicist spent several times there.

       British brainpower requested about Bohr's accessibility for work or insights of particular value. Bohr’s reply was exact that he could not assist.      

      

This particular reply made that if Gestapo interrupts anything credited to Bohr it would point to no information regarding nuclear energy as it stood in 1941. 

       But this does not say that there is no possibility that Bohr confidentially made his own calculation going more than his work in 1939 with wheeler.

       Niels Bohr was known as Nicholas baker when he worked on a top – secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico. This project is known as the “Manhattan Project” which involves atomic bombs. He plays a very important role in this project, which led him to be known as “father confessor” or knowledgeable consultant and he was very concerned about nuclear arms race. 

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Neils_Bohr

       Bohr's model depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus. 

Source: http://upload.wikimedia

.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/

5/55/Bohr-atom-PAR.svg/310px-

Bohr-atom-PAR.svg.png

JOHN DALTON

What about John Dalton? 

He was known as a famous Chemist, Meteorologist and physicist. He was also known for his theory about the atomic theory. His theory about atoms became famous because it led to logical explanation of concepts and led the way into new fields of experimentation.
His atomic theory explains the different concepts about matter like it’s weight and matter’s properties.

  

-an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness.

-All of his contributions to science were made in spite of the fact that he was color bind.

-Father of aatomic theory and cumbrian.

-Dalton’s Billiard Ball model, atoms are solid and indevisble.

-Proposed the atomic theory which stated that all matters was composed of small indivisible particles called atoms.

-he orally presented an important series of papers, entitled "Experimental Essays" on the constitution of mixed gases.

-The son of a weaver, he joined his older brother Jonathan at age 15 in running a Quaker school in Kendal. In 1790 Dalton seems to have considered taking up law or medicine, but his relatives doesn’t like his projects.

-Dalton was chosen to be a  teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the "New College" in Manchester, until 1800. when the college's worsening financial situation led him to resign his post and begin a new career in Manchester as a private tutor for mathematics and natural philosophy.

-Dalton concluded from observations on the vapour pressure of six different liquids, that the variation of vapour pressure for all liquids is equivalent, for the same variation of temperature, reckoning from vapour of any given pressure.

-revived the ancient theory of atoms and prepared the first table of atomic weights, and announced his nations publicly in 1803. By the end of his life his atomic theory was widely accepted, and in 1833 he was awarded an annual pension from the king.

-John Dalton's atomic theory, which brought chemistry out of the alchemical era.

His theory is very helpful to the future chemists.
WHY?

Because he states some facts about matter, such as:

A. All matter is composed of atoms-as we all know that atoms is the simplest part of matter and that means all matter is composed of atoms.
B. Atoms cannot be made or destroyed- atoms are indivisible and so you cannot produce matter.
C. All atoms of the same element are identical- if an atom is contained in the same element then the elements in it are identical
D. Different elements have different types of atoms- This rule applies on the same rule of the letter C.
E. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged- When atoms are rearranged or disturb, most likely chemical reaction occur.
F. Compounds are formed from atoms of the constituent elements.